Social Media And Gender

Social Media And Gender As the social media and the related activities are rapidly developing, the number of involved women users are more than the number of men now. Due to this fact, there are many possible changes that could be experienced within the future media. Advertising and media Companies have been said to use the same and outdate forms of ideology to understand their audiences. However, it becomes more and more challenging to keep using these outdate patterns. Due to the increasing trend of social media usage by women, social media such as newspapers, movies, magazines, social networking sites, would have a huge impact on the shaping of social patterns.(Thompson 2011) It is necessary to analyze some of the quotes that are related to the social media and the aspect of gender when viewing the issue of social media and how the gender influences media. It is also necessary to analyze the aspect of women taking charge of the media, the increasing popularity of social media, and the relationship between age, gender, and the social media. (Thompson 2011) In order to complete analyzing the influences between social media activities and the aspect of gender, it is helpful to not only consider the number of the social media users and the length of the time they spent on social media but also compare the modern social media with the previous media. As mentioned before, social media communication patterns has been shaping the ideology of audiences and also been shaped by the gender of users. Many media communication methods have very deep connection to the aspect of gender in different cultures. (Donald A. MacKenzie 1985) A reliable research study which is completed by Claude S. Fisher indicates that the telephone has for long had some gendered forms of connections, people widely held belief that females talk more as compared to men. Therefore, most of people believe the employers of telephone industry would prefer to choose women as their operators in this industry. What is more, the research study also indicates that young women were closely related to the trivial and extensive phone usage for pure social purposes. The research further indicates that, the usage of women and influence on computer development has actually been trivialized while there some of computers are designed to be masculine. (Fisher 1994) However, this res earch study does not explain for the large number of women who use the social networking sites through these masculine computers. In our previous review for these relates research studies, we believe the research studies which evaluate the aspect of gender group that dominated the social media and we also analyzed the factors behind that domination. There is another research study by the TIME group which evaluates the factors behind the fact that Pinterest belongs to women and Google belongs to men. This research study indicates that around 83% of the users of Pinterest were actually women, and approximate two-thirds of Google+ users are men.(Wagstaff 2012) This research study raises a question on whether this fact means the female users dominated the social media and male users have less impact on the media. (Dines 2002) According to the results of the this research study, the reason behind this surprising fact is that google+ has less female friendly form of content than Pinterest, and its functions are more focus on academic using purpose instead of social networking. Consider another research study conducted in the year 2006. The research study indicated that, there was a historic and also a contemporary form of evidence, which indicated current fears on online safety of the young girls, had historical antecedents, such as media tools that included phones. The research also indicated that, in many cases, the historic reactions eventually resulted into some form of restrictions for the usage of technology towards protection of girls from harm and the threat that could harm their innocence. The research study, however, did not indicate the level into which the same media platform was used to protect the vulnerable boy child from effects of threats, harm, predators, criminals, and molestation over the social media or any other technological platform. Men and women usually use the social networking services in different ways, purposes, and with different frequencies. Many of research studies have indicated that, a specific gender group tends to use the social networks more than others with different purpose. Therefore, it is advisable to understand the target users better and make the development of efforts toward the diversity group of gender users with various purposes. As been mentioned in the article The Social Media Gender Gap, been compared with male users most of female users usually make more purchasing decisions and spend longer time on the on-line shopping. Women seem to be more likely to tell their friends about their purchases. (Hoffman 2008) Due to this fact the female users is the major group where the advertisers could get more benefits from. A majority of these researchers still indicate that although both users group of gender use social media frequently, women still the ones that hold down the fort. (Hoffman 2008 ) A majority of experts indicate that the internet is certainly going to look pink in the future. This means that, the entire future of the social media and its relative activities are going to be all about gender-based. In the other words, the future social media will be women oriented. Some of these experts in the web development field encouraged the upcoming web developers to take women as their main target if these web developer have the desire to get more benefits from their upcoming business. It is very interesting to notice that different gender members always act differently when they are using online services to do their activities in their daily life, which are part of the social media tools such as on-line shopping, blogging, posting and sharing pictures etc. According to this fact, the Website could be considered as an extremely important and essential form of social medium. Hence, a successful Website design is actually all about how to succeeds to be fit into the diversity social groups and dynamic social ideology. Although men were traditionally viewed as the earlier main target of the technological development, women have became the group which stands at the forefront of the social media related activities. Another study thirteen million people and were trying to find out the actual way in which a majority of them were using the social media. As the results indicates that members of both gender were participants in the field of social media, it was very clear that women have the larger number of members than the male gender so far. As a result of the same, the next wave of innovative ideas that are linked to the social media is likely to target a greater number of women than that of men (Hoffman 2008). This will widen the gender gap of social media. The research study also indicates that young women are more likely to be active on the social sites such as My Space, Twitter, Facebook, and Flixster which are very significant forms to connect to and interact with these social media sites, which is more than young men. It is very obvious that men who are above age thirty years old and men who are married usually do not have time for social media, and most of those men who are under age thir ty show they are not willing to do so after they attain that age. With the exception of the LinkedIn users who have to friend everyone on the social sites for business and job hunting purpose, these men are never willing to hang out the social networking sites. However, in contrast to the same age and married women, joining the social networks one after another. In fact, the fastest growing division, is identified as the age groups between thirty five and fifty, especially the users on My Space. (Hoffman 2008) The future researchers could evaluate the new form of gender difference that exist, and the reasons of why these forms of difference exist. According to the Rapleaf study, it is very clear that young men usually spend more of their time on computers and have plenty of free time. However, there are many competitions for drawing attentions from them, especially from the online games like Legend and first person action games. It is evident that, a majority of these men who like playing such online or computer games, usually tend to play other casual games like gambling. Although most of gambling games are banned by these social networks, the majority men would tend to seek for substitution game which allow them to play and bet at same time. This is a factor that makes young men keep off the interaction with the social media. In contrast to the same age group, women group are actually a big supporters of the casual games, as well as the social media networks. Another fact is that, a majo rity of these young women actually spend massive times when they making efforts towards decorating their profiles on the social network sitesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ pages. This study points out that although young men have the desire to participant in these games, they naturally tend to prohibit themselves to spend too much time on the games and feel they have the responsibility to going out and have social life in the real life. These nautically self-discipline come from their social ideology which has the potential to shape their lifestyle and behaviors. It is also worth noting that, whenever these men get married, they attach significantly less value to these social networking sites, while women still continue using these sites as a part of their daily life where they could share their moment of life with others. It can be concluded as men actually tend to view things in a more transactional manner as compared to women. (Hoffman 2008) That is the reason why a majority of married men dominated some of sites like linkeldln and google+ which are two of transactional forms of social media network sites. Men usually can only be attracted to media sites that assist them in either gathering more intelligence, making introductions, or do some gambling. It is expected that men want to keep on gravitating to the transactional sites including those that enable them gain the interaction with the world of sports, news, as well; as financial information. However, their disadvantage are some of those that are not attracting much efforts of expertise from the website developers, hence they are declining in terms of content, and then keeping men away from the media sites. As the result, the gap which is based on the transactional aspect tends to be wider gradually. Meanwhile, this would make female gender users to be in the forefront of using, and managing the social sites. Womenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s behavior within the media suites is less transactional while it is more of relationship driven. Relationship building over the media network has been linked to certain a given category of the gender parity. Married women spend so much time over the media making new friends, sharing pictures with friends and relatives, communicating to their former friends, as well as treating their social network profiles as the home page for their entire families. We might experience massive jobs and hire of women to the social media world. Considering the significant importance that women serve to the social media industry, then it is absolutely amazing to see how a few female executives who exist in the companies and the different venture capital firms tend to dominate in term of performance. Since the social media have been identified to be too much into tune with the women, a majority of the male audiences will have to be increasingly seen as significantly less valuable as compared to the female ones. It is widely known that women normally spend more and also make more of purchasing decisions as compared to men. Women are also likely to tell their friends about the purchases, hence advertisers will always get some double benefits form the female consumers. The media, as well as a wide range of the adverting forms that are part of the social media, are becoming increasingly motivated to hire women to be in charge of the management processes in these firms due to their potential influence. Due to the various research studies that indicate that women are the most vibrant members in the usage of tools of mass media, there is a possibility that the very next wave of innovation is likely to target more women as compared to men. This should be done because of the fact that the gender gap that already exist on the social network and increasingly within all the social media is continuously widening. It is, however, advisable to have it in mind that male adoption is also growing as well. It wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t keep pace with expanding engagement amongst the female users. It is notable that since a majority of women use the media network in socializing, a single dollar spent marketing towards acquiring any female user happens to go a lot further as compared on a male user.

Methods of Evangelism

Romans Road shows how a person can be lad to Christ through a series of steps. These steps are all found in the book of Romans, hence the name, Romans Road. It provides a very clear perspective of who needs salvation, why they need salvation, how God provides salvation, how we receive salvation, and the results of salvation. Advantages – It is step-by-step and is very direct on what has happened to Christ, and how we can be with Him for eternity. Disadvantages –Romans Road does not show how to live a life for Christ after a person invites Christ to be their Lord and Savior. Friendship Evangelism Summary of Method – Friendship evangelism is sharing the Word of God with friends who have not accepted him or are not sure that it is the right path to take spiritually. Advantages – When a person wants to use friendship evangelism, they are not talking to total strangers. They are talking to friends that they have made and people that they trust. This allows the m to be themselves when talking about God.Disadvantages – Some people would rather not put their guard down and show some transparency when talking about religion. They might be afraid of rejection from their friends. Door-to-Door Evangelism Summary of Method – Door to door evangelism is going from house to house sharing the good news of Jesus Christ. Morons and Jehovah Witnesses use this method. Advantages- One advantage for this method is that you are talking to people where they are comfortable (at their home). It is a one on one conversation that could be starting a religious revolution in their life.Also, you are reaching out to people who may be at a very vulnerable point in their life, a point where they need Christ. Disadvantages – This method may put your safety in harms way by not knowing who the people are. People may also refuse to listen, may not be home, may rebuke you, and may become hostile with you. Studies and surveys have shown it is not the m ost effective evangelism method. Application of These Methods to Your Own Life What method best suits you? The method that best suits my personality is friendship evangelism.Out of the three methods, friendship evangelism is the easiest for me to relate to. Why is this the best method for you? Friendship evangelism is about sharing the gospel with people that you know. I believe that it is the best method for me because of the people that I am with. I want them to see and be with me in the kingdom of Heaven. I also want them to experience the goodness of God and his grace among them. It is also easier for me to open up to people that I know, people that I can trust, people that I know will respect me and that will still be my friend no tater what I believe in.

Classical vs. Hellenistic Periods Essay - 677 Words

During the span of the Classical and Hellenistic periods in Ancient Greece, many changes occurred that differentiated one from the other. There were many facets of society that were affected as a result from the Classical period leading to the Hellenistic period. The Classical period was a time of intellectual growth and stimulus. The desire to learn brought about the need for a group of teachers to impart worldly wisdom unto their students. This new group of teachers that emerged were known as Sophists, which means those who are wise. Socrates, a great philosopher of the Classical period, challenged the assumed truths of his day in order to reconstruct Athenian life. Plato, Socrates best student, in turn became a great philosopher†¦show more content†¦Thus, the skeptics believed that there is no truth; even the statement, there is no truth could be false according to the Skeptics. All that can be said from a skeptical viewpoint is that things appear to be a certain way and never can be used as evidence for the truth. These grim outlooks on life are a very stark contrast from the more inquisitive and speculative doctrines of the classical period. In the Classical period, knowledge seemed as if it were a fountain forever untapped- in the Hellenistic period, many believed no knowledge seemed to be certain, and therefore as good as non-existent in the first place. Religion in the Classical period was based upon pagan beliefs. People of ancient times relied upon religion because it explained things that people could not explain using what they knew then. This same idea applied in the Hellenistic period, however, there was less pagan belief and more nihilistic views as far as religion went. In the Classical period, the polis, or the city-state, was the focus of Greek life. The most important thing to the Greeks was their allegiance to the polis. To be exiled from the polis was worse than death. After the conquest of Greece and the unification of all of the polis, the Greeks lost their individuality. This caused an identity crisis and confusion among the Greeks. Eventually the turmoil caused by the conquest of Greece led to the gloomy and depressing views in Philosophy that wereShow MoreRelatedAn Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagescultural propaganda. Greek Heros= models of courage skill to men (what to be) women (what to look for- sense of security). a. Dominant Theme: warrior code of personal honor and glory b. Contrasting themes: Family principle, simple country life vs. war, admiration of enemies. 5. Literary works by Homer Blind poet Homer - represents the culmination of a long and vigorous tradition in which oral recitation—possibly to instrumental accompaniment—was a popular kind of entertainment. Read MoreClassical Roman Art Vs Early Christian There are many similarities and differences between800 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Roman Art Vs Early Christian There are many similarities and differences between Classical Roman and Early Christian Art. What particularly stands out to me is how much these two cultures have in common when it comes to their art and architecture. Romans were geniuses when it came to engineering and we can see that in the monuments they left behind. Many early Christian architectural styles and ideas were adopted straight from the Romans. Their communities became organized geographicallyRead More Greek Education v.s Roman Education Essay examples6135 Words   |  25 Pages Similarities and Differences: Ancient Greece vs. Ancient Rome nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many qualities of the Ancient Roman civilization were undoubtedly borrowed from their predecessors of the Greek culture (Bonner 1). Roman education, however, is only a reflection of the Greek education system. Ancient Roman education tactics differ from the education methods used by Ancient Greek instruction. Nevertheless, these two different approaches contain many similarities. Although the Romans madeRead MoreGreek Education V.S Roman Education6248 Words   |  25 PagesSimilarities and Differences: Ancient Greece vs. Ancient Rome Many qualities of the Ancient Roman civilization were undoubtedly borrowed from their predecessors of the Greek culture (Bonner 1). Roman education, however, is only a reflection of the Greek education system. Ancient Roman education tactics differ from the education methods used by Ancient Greek instruction. Nevertheless, these two different approaches contain many similarities. Although the Romans made an effort to reproduce theRead MoreThe Two Sides to Every Greek: Hellene vs. Romoi1844 Words   |  8 PagesGreek notion of Hellene vs. Romoi. The notion of Hellene goes back to ancient Greece. In spite of the political turbulence and chaos of the fourth century BC, Greece was poised on its most triumphant period: the Hellenistic age. The word, Hellenistic, is derived from the word, Hellene, which was the Greek word for the Greeks. The Hellenistic age was the age of the Greeks; during this time, Greek culture and power extended itself across the known world. While the classical age of Greece producedRead MoreArt History7818 Words   |  32 Pages• Chapter 1 Notes - Prehistoric Period o Paleolithic Period Ââ€" Old Stone Age #61607; Old and primitive period #61607; Around 50,000BC #61607; Artwork consisted of cave paintings #61607; Brutal period #61607; Average life expectancy was about 20 years o Neolithic Period Ââ€" New Stone Age #61607; Begins around 9,000BC #61607; Neolithic Revolution • Agriculture o Allows people luxury of staying in one place; stability and performance o Cornerstone of civilization • Domestic Architecture Read MoreConstellations5203 Words   |  21 Pagesconstellations take their names. When astronomers say something is â€Å"in† a given constellation they mean it is within those official boundaries. There are  88 officially recognized constellations, covering the entire sky[1]  which have grown from the 48 classical Greek constellations laid down by  Ptolemy  in the  Almagest. Out of these 88 constellations, 12 compose the zodiac signs. Thus, any given point in a  celestial coordinate system  can unambiguously be assigned to a constellation. It is usual in astronomyRead More Aristotelian Ethics and its Context Essay6933 Words   |  28 Pagesthe distinctively human telos requires that such rule-be-ruled relations and behaviors be transcended since those relations and behaviors exclude the free exercise of deliberative intelligence. I begin with a proposition: that ethics (in the classical sense) (1) requires politics as the venue of its implementation; indeed, that ethics in a fundamental sense is politics. Ethics is politics inasmuch as the achievement of human happiness—the activity of the soul in accordance with excellence, lastingRead MoreLiberty University Bibl 323 John Module 5 Notes Essay examples11938 Words   |  48 Pages9 Give life for sheep vs. 11, 15, 17 Relationship to sheep – owner. Thief and robber Who – Pharisees and â€Å"the Jews.† Aim – Steal, kill v. 10 Relationship to sheep – rustlers. Wolf Who – satan Aim – destroy Relationship to sheep – enemy. Hireling Who – priests and/or Levites Aim – self-interest/indifference toward sheep v. 13. Relationship to sheep – legal guardian. Jesus twice identifies Himself as the Good Shepherd vs. 11, 14. Kalos – good – in classical Greek, this word was usedRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pages6769). Almost all the foregoing is derived from the Nabataean Agriculture of Ibn Wahshà ®ja. The author now reverts to the moon and follows, for many pages, the theory of the Ihwà ¢n al-Safà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, which differs from that of Ibn Wahshà ®ja in that it links the periods of the moon’s greatest influence to its conjunction with other planets and the houses in which they stand (pp.69-74). The rest of the chapter is devoted to the theory of the elections, in which the moon plays an important part, and is introduced by

Reflective Summary of Clinical Supervision Model Essay

Summary of Clinical Supervision Cycle Introduction The clinical supervision model for conducting observations has been used in the education field for decades. Clinical supervision involves a teacher receiving information from an administrator, colleague, peer coach, or mentor, who has observed the teachers performance and who serves as both a mirror and a sounding board to aid the teacher in critical examination of a specific aspect of their instruction and possibly alter his or her own professional practice. Clinical supervision is an instruction improving tool in which a high degree of mutual trust and commitment to growth is required on the part of the teacher and observer. The structure of a clinical observation cycle includes†¦show more content†¦The pre-conference gave us both a feeling of preparedness for the observation and eased any tension there may been. Step 2: Observation The observation is the follow-through on the pre-conference. The teacher should teach the lesson as well as possible and the supervisor should record events during the lesson as accurately as possible according the methods agreed upon during the preconference. During the observation I used the back of Form F for general observation notes as well as a two form sheet that I created to quickly record information we specifically discussed in the pre-conference. The first half of the form listed the names of each student in the class, and provided space to tally and calculate the frequency in which Mrs. J called on each student. The second half of the form included a checklist of teaching components. It was too difficult to use Form G during the observation itself because there are so many components and pages. It would have been a distraction to the teacher. Having the smaller forms to use was a major benefit to me. If I had tried to observe and record the specifics we discussed without having the specialized forms it would have been even more difficult to keep up with than it was. I feel like the observation step was the hardest for me because the time flew by so fast and I was responsible for collecting evidence to help Mrs. J improve her teaching. In order to make aShow MoreRelatedPriority List for Implementing Supervision Instructional Strategies1636 Words   |  7 Pageseffective, and flexible with all instructional supervision strategies. An enlightened leader provides constructive feedbacks that improve instruction, and ultimately, student performance; and leads a team of educators to reach their highest potential. Based on my study of the different strategies, the following is the order of my priority: Critical Friends Group, Standards-Based Walk-Through, Peer Coaching, Mentoring, Peer Assessment, Clinical Supervision, Portfolio Assessment, and Action Research.Read MorePatchwork Essay on leading and management in nursing5444 Words   |  22 PagesExcellent Very Good Good Satisfactory Poor Not addressed Patch 1 Summary of issues Comprehensive knowledge of subject area. Well-constructed. Strong knowledge of subject area. Clearly constructed. Sound level of knowledge of subject area. Well structured. Some knowledge of subject area. Structure may lack clarity. Very limited knowledge of subject area. Structure is confused or lacks coherence. Patches not included Patch 2 Summary of issues Comprehensive knowledge of subject area. Well-constructedRead MoreEssay on Professional Communication For Nurses3586 Words   |  15 Pagesthis essay is to discuss the importance of communication in nursing, demonstrating how effective communication facilitates a therapeutic nurse/patient relationship. This will be achieved by providing a definition of communication, making reference to models of communication and explaining how different types of communication skills can be used in practise. In order to engage in meaningful communication and develop effective communication skills, nurses must engage in the process of reflecting on howRead MoreLeadership Theories Of The Nhs Leadership Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesThis reflective essay is based on the personal SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats) analysis, to examine my leadership potential. It will define leadership within context of the NHS leadership as well as highlight some of the current incidents relate to poor leadership. Additionally, it will briefly discuss some of the relevant leadership theories that can be applied to nursing practice whilst exploring my own leadership style. Lastly, this essay will reflect the scenario from practiceRead MoreQuality And Safe Product Approval System2987 Words   |  12 Pagesaseptic preparation of products at Northern Lincolnshire and Goole NHS Foundation Trust (NLAG) is carried out in an unlicensed unit under Section 10 exemption of the Medicines Act 1968. (1) It requires that the preparation is done by or under the supervision of a Pharmacist, who takes full responsibility for the quality of the product. Until recently, in unlicensed units working under Section 10 exemption, even if the final checks were carried out by non-pharmacists, the approval for professional releaseRead MoreProfessional Development Plan For Career Goals1693 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Professional development plans are important tools that serve various purposes. It serves as a reflective tool that the APN uses in assessing and evaluating the path they are taking and the goals they want to achieve. Professional development plans are important tools used by advanced practice nurses to highlight the skills and knowledge attained through personal and professional growth. Whether an APN is looking to apply for a new job or advance in a particular position, a professionalRead MoreClinical Supervision2740 Words   |  11 PagesClinical supervision sits at the heart of the UK Government s agenda for improving the quality of service delivery (Department of Health, 1997, 1998, 1999). The practice in the workplace was introduced as a way of using reflective practice and shared experiences as a part of continuing professional development. Clinical supervision has ensured that standards of clinical care remain a key mechanism for monitoring the performance of Trusts, with clinical performance measures being given equal weightRead MoreInter-Professional Learning Reflection on Group Process1627 Words   |  7 PagesAHP -3-503 -Inter-professional Learning Reflection on group process Reflection summary Following completion of the above unit, I reflected on the group process (comprising 10 members of students from various allied health professions), considering my role in the group, how I related to others and the group in relation to the relevant theory. I have written this reflection using John’s Model For Structured Reflection (2000). Looking in During this unit, each group was given a task to designRead Morepractice arena as a learning environment Essay3123 Words   |  13 Pagesacquiring knowledge and skills. Mentoring is one main criteria being practiced in clinical setting to facilitate learning process among new learners in hospital. Effective guidance and coaching is important for new nurses to perform efficiently .Within this assignment ,i as a mentor will discuss and emphasize on learning strategies and learning styles that can be used to facilitate my mentees learning in clinical practice. I am State Registered Nurse (SRN),a diploma holder, working forRead MoreWound Care2731 Words   |  11 PagesReflective Outline and discuss a clinical audit that you have undertook into one aspect of care delivery and reflect upon the experience using Driscoll’s model of structured reflection. Word Count (2197) During the course of this piece of work, it is my intention to outline and discuss a clinical audit that I undertook into one aspect of care delivery and reflect upon the experience using Driscoll’s model of structured reflection (Driscoll, 2000). The audit, which focused upon the completion

The Federal Government Is Responsible For Providing Health...

American have been struggling with a broken health care system for the last twenty-six years. Currently, many American do not have health care. The federal government is responsible for providing health care for all American people. Therefore, the government came up with Medicare and Obama Care. addition, private corporation came up with health insurance plans. A health care system that does not provide healthcare to the majority of sickening American is consider broken because it fails in it purposes. Medicare is a program establish by the federal government to provide health care for people who cannot afford to get health insurance. According to Medicare Medicaid Services† On July 30, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the bill that led to the Medicare and Medicaid.† Eligible are people with disabilities, senior citizens, and underage. Furthermore, Medicare was meant to be a salvation to reduce the suffering of low-income individuals, but it costs federal administration billions of dollars every year, and the numbers keep increasing. According to Medicare Medicaid Services, Medicare spending grew 5.5% to $618.7 billion in 2014.† Afterward, Medicare covers everything from doctor visits to necessary surgery and drugs. For that reason, a countless number of people desire to get it, but they cannot qualify for it. For instance, the average income for minimum wage employee in Arizona is sixteen thousand a year. Because that employee exceeds requireme ntShow MoreRelatedBureau of Prisons Regulatory Agency1295 Words   |  6 PagesBureau of Prisons Regulatory Agency Health Care is not just of concern to the private sector. Health Care reaches into the prison system as well. Federal and state laws have been created to ensure that the prison system provides health care through the medical facilities available. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is the government agency that regulates the health care that is given to federal inmates in the United States. The BOP licenses’, certifies, accredits, and runs the background checksRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1005 Words   |  5 Pages In 1979 the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was created to offer services the states had not substantially invested in and the consumer market had not offered (Moynihan, 2013). The idea was that on a national level it would be cheaper to establish one higher level agency to develop expertise on how to deal with disasters (Moynihan, 2013). Our national government has the ability to create and enforce common policies which would avoid the confusion of multiple state, local and nationalRead MoreList Of Phi Can Not Be Disclosed1054 Words   |  5 Pages 2. In the U.S., the government is a primary payer or sponsor of healthcare. Describe in detail at least four (4) distinct ways in which the U.S. government provides healthcare. The government is the primary payer in most developed countries and is integral to the overall provision of healthcare. In contrast to other countries, government spending for healthcare in the United States serves the purpose of filling in the gaps resulting from private insurance. These government-sponsored plans are alsoRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1208 Words   |  5 PagesProtection and Affordable Care Act On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). This is more commonly referred among United States Citizens as Health Care Reform. This revolutionary law offers three main guarantees: First, health insurance for all Americans, not just those who can afford it; Second, cost reduction in the insurance premiums for individuals and businesses; Lastly, higher quality care. On the surface, theRead MoreHealthcare Act : The Affordable Care Act944 Words   |  4 Pagessigned the new health care law, the Affordable Care Act. It is the largest health care law change since 1965, when the Medicaid and Medicare programs were created via the Social Security Act. Implementation of the Affordable Care Act began in 2010, with most changes in full effect by 2014. (Barker, 2011, p. 10) Most of the details are difficult to understand. The following is a few highlighted items that the Affordable Care Act has promised for our society. The Affordable Care Act includes changesRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Debate1305 Words   |  6 PagesAbortions continue to be a controversial topic for not only the American people, but the congress as well. Republicans argue their views on why the American people should not be forced to pay taxes that will directly go to abortions procedures, and Democrats continue to rebut. This controversial debate revolves directly around Planned Parenthood. GOP continues to push the ban on federal funds allotted to this particular organization, due to its involvement in abortions and alleged tissue and stemRead MoreRegulatory Agency Paper 4301485 Words   |  6 Pages Regulatory Agency Paper Option 1: Health Care Segment When people think of health care, they often think up images from their own experiences in doctors offices, clinics, and hospitals. Then there are the images of intense drama and hustling and bustling in hospitals and emergency rooms such as those presented on television and in the movies. These are all part of the health care arena, but it extends far beyond the emergency room. Health care agencies and governmental agencies missionRead MoreEssay on Comparative Summary1124 Words   |  5 PagesSummary HCS/577 June 8, 2013 Destiny Chen Stephanie Hildreth Comparative Summary In the health care industry there are different types program sector organizations, which has its own uniqueness. The different sectors of health care are divided amongst the for-profit, non-profit, and government organizations because they all have a common goal but the financial aspect is the same when it comes to providing care to patients. Within the three types of organization types, the financial need is collectedRead MoreAmerican Healthcare Case Study764 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Healthcare System has been the topic lately in the news. This attention comes down to the executive order that President Trump has forwarded to the legislation. However, there is much debate going on about this executive order that has been issued. As stated in The New York Times, (Qiu,L) â€Å"Most people think of the term â€Å"bailout,† as a political pejorative,†(A17). This is currently one of the competing solutions to the â€Å"ObamaCare† or rather the Affordable H ealthare Act, where a type ofRead MoreHistorical Overview of Us Govts Role in Long Term Healthcare1173 Words   |  5 PagesFeds for not guarding the borders well enough. And then there are others that blame the Feds for not defending the rights of all citizens. There are those that blame state and local governments for spending on services for Illegals that should be spent on real citizens. And then there are others that blame state and local governments for not taking better care of ALL of their citizens legal or illegal. While there are others who point the finger in anger at anyone who breaks the law and consider

Investigation of factors affecting the distribution of Chironomus larvae in Nant Iago Free Essays

string(116) " to the fact that if they are respiring at a higher rate, then there will need to be more oxygen available to them\." Method: Biotic Data 1. The stream was split into 14 sections and groups of 3 were each assigned to work at different sections of the stream, which began at the beginning, right at the top, and ended further down stream. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation of factors affecting the distribution of Chironomus larvae in Nant Iago or any similar topic only for you Order Now The method we used for our experiment was Disturbance Sampling. This was accomplished with the aid of a Surber Sampler which we used in one riffle and one pool in our section. The Surber Sampler consisted of a net which had a 1.0mm2 mesh at the end where all the samples were collected and a quadrat which was placed over a part of the riffle or pool and gave us our area of sampling. 3. By laying the quadrat flat on the bed, I disturbed the stream bed and washed any lying organisms into the mesh. I then washed the water through the mesh to collect any samples in the water. 4. Once this was done the invertebrates were identified, counted and recorded Physical Data: 1. To accomplish my physical data, I measured the pH of the water, the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), the dissolved oxygen, the depth and the temperature. 2. All were measured using specialised probes which were placed in the water of the riffles or the pool. The probes gave us readings of whichever piece of data we were trying to achieve after 30 seconds. The readings were then recorded. 3. The amount of detritus was estimated using estimation by eye, recorded and measured using a scale of 1-4: 1. None 2. Little 3. Some 4. Abundant The pool was 4 and the riffles was 2. 4. The substrate was also identified as to what matter was present, i.e. Riffles: gravel’s and pebbles. Pools: twigs, soil, leaves, detritus. Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in the numbers of Chironomus between pools and riffles. Alternative Hypothesis: There will be a significantly higher number of Chironomus in the pools than in the riffles. Which statistical test? I am going to use the chi square test because we do not know the normal distribution of the data and because I only have a small data sample of 14. A chi square test is used to see if observe values are different from expected values. X2 = ? (O-E)2 o = observed E E = expected POOL RIFFLE OBSERVED (o) 285 15 EXPECTED (e) 300 = 150 300 = 15 O – E 285 – 150 = 135 15 – 150 = -135 (O – E) 2 (285- 150)2 = 18,225 (15-150)2 = 18,225 ( O-E)2 E 18225 = 121.5 150 18225 = 121.5 150 ? (O-E)2 E 121.5 + 121.5 = 243 My chi square value from the experiment was 243. The critical value from the table at 95% confidence showed to be 3.84 at 1 degree of freedom. Because my experimental chi- square value is of a much greater value than my calculated value, it leaves me with a result indicating that my Null Hypothesis is incorrect. I am 99.9% confident that it is wrong as the critical value at this point is 10.8 and my calculated critical value is 243 which is an extremely larger figure. Therefore I will in turn accept my alternative hypothesis which states that there will be a significantly larger number of Chironomus in pools than in the riffles. After my statistical analysis, I can see that there was significantly more Chironomus found in the pool. As my density data shows the maximum abundance of Chironomus is 800m2 in the pool, whereas the maximum number of Chironomus found in the riffles is 50m2. Interpretation Our aim was to investigate the distribution of freshwater Macroinvertebrates in two microhabitats in an upland stream. A stream is formed due to gravity causing overland flow in water and there are many individual factors which affect the stream and the abundance of its inhabitants. The two different types of factors are Abiotic and Biotic. Abiotic The Abiotic factors, which would affect the stream and its inhabitants, are: The current in the riffles, which is significantly stronger compared to the current in the pools. It would suggest that there are either not as many organisms living in the riffles or that if there are, then they would be specially adapted organisms. Examples of this would be an organism, which is highly streamlined. This would help it be prevented from being washed off the rock. It is also adapted to living in the riffles with its ‘claws’ that help it grip and cling onto the rock to prevent it from being washed away. In comparison, there is evidence to indicate that there is none or very little current in the pools. This will affect the organisms living in the pools, because there is very little chance for them to be washed away, resulting in there being a higher population of organisms in the pools than there is in the riffles. The low ratings of current mean that there is also a lot of small substrate particles. This means that many other different types of organisms will inhabit the pools as there will be more prey for predators, and in turn, those which are the predators, will attract organisms which hunt for them themselves. These new predators will also inhabit the pools to consume their prey. The substratum levels and content of them also affects the stream and its organisms. In the pools, there are mostly high levels of detritus as the current is extremely low and so the sediment is allowed to settle on the streambed and be built up. There are, however, lower numbers of detritus, twigs and leaves in the riffles because there is a high current running here and anything which settles here will get washed away. Therefore, there is a layer of gravel and pebbles. Temperature also affects the distribution of organisms. When there are high temperatures or when the temperatures rise, the respiration of the organism will also rise, affecting where they must live due to the fact that if they are respiring at a higher rate, then there will need to be more oxygen available to them. You read "Investigation of factors affecting the distribution of Chironomus larvae in Nant Iago" in category "Papers" By living in the pools, this large amount of oxygen is unavailable to them because of the slow flow rate and low dissolved oxygen percentage. If there is a drastic change in the temperature of the water, then the enzymes in most organisms will become denatured and they will die. This is also the case if the temperature becomes too cold. The organisms will not be able to live in those conditions and so will die. The percentage of dissolved oxygen affects the stream and the distribution of its organisms. When there is a low percentage of dissolved oxygen, there will be a high number of organisms, which are specially adapted to living in these kinds of conditions, such as the Chironomus. This organism has haemoglobin in its body to help it survive in such low levels of dissolved oxygen when it is burrowed in the stream bed. Where there are high levels of oxygen, you will find that there are riffles. This means that there will be very little number of organisms present as they will just be washed away. Biotic Biotic factors affecting the distribution and abundance of the stream and its organisms include: * Food Availability – for example,the prey or food particles of the correct size/type * Predation –The probability of prey surviving plummets when predator densities increase. * Competition –Competition from organisms with similar ecological niches * Disease There are 2 microhabitats in the Nant Iago; the pool, and the riffle. I am now going to describe in more detail the differences the characteristics of the two microhabitats and compare them to assist me in describing the factors affecting the distribution of organisms in Nant Iago Nr. Abergevanny, S. Wales. Characteristics Of A Pool To begin, the substrate in the pool mainly consists of small particles such as sand, mud, detritus and twigs. Detritus is dead decaying organic matter. This build up is due to the low flow rate of 0.05m/s in the stream which prevents the substrate from being washed away. The effect is that the substrate settles and is deposited on the streambed as there is not enough force to wash it away and becomes a habitat for many organisms which can be established in the stream. It has made the detritus rating 3.7 which is abundant. The percentage of dissolved oxygen in the stream is 63.6% which is low. This low amount of dissolved oxygen is due to the fact that bacteria feed on the large amounts of settled detritus. These decomposing bacteria are high in numbers and aerobically respire extensively as they feed on the detritus. In order to respire, oxygen is needed; therefore oxygen levels are exceptionally low and plummet in pools due to the mass of bacteria respiring. This leaves a low ventilation of fresh oxygen in water. The low level of fresh oxygen is also due to the substrate on the streambed accumulating and being so condensed, that the water particles are restricted from moving through it. This, together with the low current, means that the oxygen is not able to be replaced and conditions in pool sediments may become anoxic. Characteristics Of A Riffle In a riffle the number of small substrate particles recorded was lower than that of the pool, and this is due to the much faster current flowing through this part of the stream. The flow rate here was 0.431 m/s. This means that it has a considerably higher kinetic energy in comparison to the pool and it results in the diminutive particles and detritus being swept away with ease. This is evidential through the data which I recorded where it demonstrates that the detritus count was 2.4 (little). Organisms which would need to be adapted to these kinds of speeds of water flow. Baetidae is an example. These organisms are extremely streamlined. This assists the organism greatly, as when it hangs onto the rocks, instead of the water taking the Baetidae with its current, the water will instead flow over due to its highly streamlined body. This is also helpful as when the water flows over the organism, the pressure from the flow causes the organism to be pressed against the rock even more, causing greater resistance to the organism being taken away with the current. The Baetidae also has adapted ‘claws’ which are situated on the ends of its legs. These claws cling onto the rock to help give extra strength against being taken away with the current. The dissolved percentage of oxygen was read at 64.1%. This however may not entirely be correct as the reading is far too low than expected, which leads me to believe that the reader may have been defected as the value should be closer to 100%. The general trend is superior to that of the pools because there are large gaps between the large substrate particles in the riffles, which in turn results in higher ventilation and faster current/water flow through the sediment. I will now explain how and why Chironomus are found in pools and are able to live in anoxic conditions. As a female adult Midge deposits her eggs in water, the gelatinous mass hatches and each larvae which has hatched, burrows into the detritus on the bed of the pool. Once here, it develops a silken burrow to prevent the detritus from collapsing on it. The only time the detritivore Chironomus vaguely leaves this silken burrow is when it will pop its head out briefly to feed on the surrounding detritus. This benthic invertebrate is adapted to existing in anoxic conditions and has become acquired to them through several ways; psyological adaptations, behavioural adaptations and structural adaptations. * Structural Adaptations – The Chironomus has diminutive gills at the end of its body which amplifies the large surface area to volume ratio. Therefore oxygen may diffuse in quickly and easily. Its slender cylinder shape means that it can burrow easily in the detritus found on the stream bed. * Behavioural Adaptations – The Chironomus exists in silken burrows in the sediment. This means that there is a constrained quantity of oxygen obtainable to them. Therefore to make the oxygen accessible, they undulate their bodies to make water flow through the tube. This enables the haemoglobin in their bodies to become saturated with oxygen from the water in this ventilation current. * Psyological Adaptations – Just like a mammalian, in order for oxygen to be transported around the body, it must combine with haemoglobin first. Chironomus has haemoglobin which is very similar to that of a mammal. It consists of 1 or 2 polypeptide chains of 136 to 151 amino acid length. Each polypeptide is folded into a tertiary structure and has a single haem group. This haemoglobin is, however, not found in cells, but is found in the body cavity in a fluid named haemolymph. The only main difference between the Chironomus haemoglobin and mammalian haemoglobin is that Chironomus haemoglobin has a much higher affinity for oxygen. This signifies that the oxygen will bind to the haem groups at extremely low partial pressures and will be released only when needed. This assists them when burrowing in anoxic conditions, in the sediment on the pool bed, where oxygen is very restricted. The haemoglobin act as an oxygen store and will this can be demonstrated on an oxygen dissociatio n graph. As shown, the O2 dissociation curve for the Chironomus haemoglobin is to the left of the mammalian O2 dissociation curve. This means that it has a higher affinity and will bind oxygen at especially low partial pressures. The reason why the Chironomus dissociation curve is straight is due to the fact that it has only two polypeptides so it is extremely easy for the molecules to bind to the haem groups. The mammalian dissociation curve is s-shaped (sigmoid). This is because it has four polypeptides. With the first haem group, it is tough for the O2 molecule to bind to it, but once it has then this makes it easier for the second and third O2 molecule to bind to the haem groups. The reason why the curve lines off is due to the fact that it is harder for oxygen to bind to the fourth haem group. Benefits of living in anoxic sediments: Living in anoxic conditions requires special adaptations which can be found in Chironomus. Examples of why it may be beneficial for the Chironomus to live in anoxic conditions are that it helps them avoid predation from predators such as the stone fly nymphs; Perlodidae. It also helps Chironomus avoid competition such as interspecific competition from other organisms, for example, the shrimp (gammaridae) who are also detritivores. The shrimp will feed on the floating detritus but cannot enter the substrates and feed on any buried detritus as it does not have adaptations for anoxic conditions. The Chironomus, however, will feed on the detritus in the pool bed. It means that the shrimp cannot feed on the lower parts of detritus because of the low amounts of dissolved oxygen, they will not survive. This shows the different niches. Evaluation: Experimental Errors: Limitations in apparatus: The limitations in the apparatus equipment may have had an overall affect on my final results. By discussing the limitations with my apparatus, I can then relate it to the affect it had on my results. The first limitation was with the Surber Sampler we used. In the pools, there is not as much flow as there is originating in the riffles. This can be distinguished on my results table where it illustrates that the mean flow rate for the pools is 0.059m/s in contrast to 0.431m/s found in the riffles. Hence, this signifies that with a low flow rate in the pools, anything disturbed such as Chironomus or other invertebrates which did not get washed into the net could have swum away with ease. In comparison, the riffles had the advantage of having a high flow rate connotating that there was a high chance of invertebrates being washed into the mesh net. This affects the results because it means that there could have been an artificially lower count of Chironomus in the pools. there wasn’t and where there should have been a lower, or perhaps a zero count, of Chironomus in the riffles, there were results that showed up to 5 Chironomus being found. The second constraint caused by the Surber Sampler we used was due to the net. The net mesh is 1mm2 and this may have been a problem. Chironomus goes through 8 instar stages where at each stage, they shed their skin and grow bigger. At the first instar stage, the Chironomus is especially minuscule, so when we disturbed the pool or riffle, the small Chironomus will have simply washed straight through the net. This brings us to a conclusion that we could only have possibly trapped Chironomus or other invertebrates exceeding the size of 1mm due to the fact that they would have been rinsed directly through the net if any smaller. This affects the results because it demonstrates that there may have been a significantly higher amount of Chironomus in both pools and riffles although they were not recorded as the net was unsuccessful in detaining them, reason being that their size was too diminutive. Nonetheless, this is not a very significant error as it has an equal effect in both the pool s and the riffles. A third limitation with the Surber Sampler was related to the substrate. More rocks can be found in the riffles, whereas in the pools, more sand and silt can be found. The rocks in the riffles prevented the Surber Sampler from lying flat as the rocks are, all, various sizes. As the Surber Sampler cannot lie flat, Chironomus may have been washed away, underneath the Surber Sampler where it failed to touch the stream bed. The way this has affected the results is obvious. Any Chironomus which failed to wash into the net swam away when disturbed, leaving the Chironomus results lower than they should have been in the riffles. This is an important error as it only effects the riffles. Limitations in method: The method we all took up comprised of each group being assigned to a certain part of the stream. The limitation of this is that when groups further up stepped into the stream; they would have disturbed the streambed. However, samples which they disturbed were not collected. Instead, the invertebrates which were disturbed could have been washed down stream and rinsed into a net belonging to another group downstream. This is called ‘invertebrate drift’ and it is caused when a large number of people are sampling all at the same moment. When invertebrate drift takes place, the invertebrates are much more likely to settle in pools as they have a very low flow rate and this causes the Chironomus count to be higher than it should be which is called ‘over sampling’. It influences the results because it means that, theoretically, the Chironomus count which some groups collected is more elevated than supposed to. This is a major error source as its effect is limited to the downstream groups and mainly the pool regions. This is linked to the accuracy of our results being affected by the limitations in the method. Another aspect contributing to the accuracy of our results being affected by limitations in the method, is that there was no standard method of disturbing. Individuals, who disturbed for their group, will have done so in a different manner to another individual disturbing the streambed further upstream, or downstream. This affects the results because it means that some groups will have collected more data through unsettling the streambed more thoroughly than other groups. Hence, gives the connotation that more invertebrates and Chironomus were found in their sample, which is evident in the pools results where it shows that group 5 collected 80 Chironomus whereas group 11 only collected 3 Chironomus. This is not a major error source as its effect is likely to be equal in both of the pools and riffles. Anomalous Results: By analyzing my results, I have seen that there are several anomalous results which can be commented on. I will discuss and compare the anomalous results which have arisen in both the pools and riffles; Pools: In my results, by looking at Surber Number’s 5 and 9, you can evidently distinguish that the recorded amount of Chironomus established in the pools is ’80’ and ’70’. This is a particularly high amount, even for the pools and it may possibly have been caused by invertebrate drift, as explained above, which would affect the results because it means that the Chironomus was over sampled. This is in contrast to surber sampler’s 7 and 8, where a recorded number of zero Chironomus can be recognized. The reason for this may be due to the detritus reading being ‘2’ with surber sampler number 7. Chironomus feed and bury themselves underneath this detritus sediment which is possibly why there are no Chironomus found in surber sampler 7. This affects the results here, because it leaves us with a lower recording of Chironomus than we are meant to have. However, this does not explain the findings for surber sampler number 8. The detritus reading here is 4, which may lead us to believe that perhaps the low Chironomus reading is due to predation, being eaten by a fish of some kind preliminary to our sampling. Perhaps also the Chironomus was in its first instar stage, which would mean that they will not have been trapped by the mesh net. Alternatively, the Chironomus might have just developed into an adult midge, and would no longer be found in the water, but in the air. This would affect the results collected because it would leave us the impression that possibly, if we had sampled the stream on an earlier, or later date, then the Chironomus would be at a trappable larva stage. Riffles: Surber sampler’s 7, 8 and 12 have high numbers of Chironomus readings despite of the fact that they are not usually found in this area. Possible reasons for this might be due to invertebrate drift from further upstream, or it could be due to the small particles of detritus being found in these riffles. The detritus could have been collected in sheltered areas such as behind large boulders. After being deposited there and this would have developed a micro habitat, with a mini pool being formed in a riffle, which would explain the high number’s of Chironomus being found. Another anomalous result which was portrayed in both the riffle and pools results was the dissolved oxygen saturation readings. By observing both of the mean dissolved oxygen percentage saturations, we can see that in the pools it is 63.6% and in the riffles it is 64.1%. This is entirely incorrect due to the fact that in pools, there is supposed to be barely any dissolved oxygen saturated in the water, and in the riffles, there is supposed to be in the vicinity of 100% dissolved oxygen saturated in the water. These erroneous results are down to the oxygen meter being broken. It affected our whole experiment because it meant we were not able to carry out the trial accurately and record correct results which would assist us in our evaluation. Reliability: In my opinion, the 2 central error sources in my experiment were caused by the Surber Sampler and invertebrate drift. Invertebrate drift occurs when large numbers of people are sampling the equivalent lake/stream at the same period in time. It is incurred when someone (upstream) walking through the stream disturbs the streambed, but does not collect the samples with their mesh net, or in other cases it is caused when invertebrates sweep under/ through/ or to the side of the net. Hereafter, any invertebrates disturbed will flow along with the current and settle amid pools (mainly downstream) which affects results because it means that invertebrates and Chironomus have been over sampled. To prevent invertebrate drift, instead of all groups sampling the stream at the same time, we could allow the group furthest downstream (group 14) to do their experiment first, and then work our way upstream, only allowing groups to do their trial once the group further down has finished their experiment. E.g., group 14 will do their experiment initially and once complete, group 13 will do their experiment. Then once group 13 has completed their experiment, group 12 may carry out their experiment and so forth. This method of carrying out the experiments will completely avoid the matter of invertebrate drift which improve the accuracy of results achieved. Another way of shunning invertebrate drift would be to improve apparatus used, which brings me onto the second central error source within the experiment. The Surber Sampler’s which we used composed only of a quadrat base and a mesh net attached to the end of the quadrat (see drawing). This basic surber sampler meant that when we positioned the quadrat onto the (riffles) streambed, it would not have been laid flat because of rocks being various contours and masses. This affects the results because it means that with the surber sampler lying at an awkward angle, when disturbing, invertebrates are highly likely to be swept underneath the mesh net, or the side, instead of into it. A way of recuperating this quandary is by utilizing a better surber sampler. One surber sampler which could be used consists of a bottomless box attached to the bottom of the quadrat. This will improve the experiment and results because not only will it avoid invertebrate drift through the way that nothing will be able to escape (because it will enclose everything within the desired sampling area right down to the streambed), but it will also improve accuracy, giving you a set volume of substrate. Another alternative to the surber sampler’s which we used is a piece of apparatus called the ‘Eckman Grab’. These ‘grabs’ do not have nets attached to the end of them, but instead act as a set of claws. After your sample has been picked up by these ‘grabs’, you cleanly drop all of its contents into your tray where after, you can record the results. This will develop the results because one of the core setbacks with surber samplers is that the nets tend to lose samples (through or under), whereas with these ‘grabs’ they do not have nets and so keeping all the samples within its hold will assure the results are more accurate and improved. Final Conclusion: As my final conclusion, I will articulate that the trial my group carried out had a quantity of inaccuracies, but not enough for me to completely reject the whole experiment. The results are reasonable as they reflect the way nature works, regardless of the main sources of error. Also, the statistics and chi squared number shows a highly significant difference in the number of Chironomus in the pools and riffles with more found in the pools. The experimental errors are not large enough to cause a 99.9% rejection of the null hypothesis. To determine the whole pattern of invertebrates and Chironomus along the stream, the experiments should have been carried out every month, instead of just one day. By doing the experiments on just one day we are left with results that are only able to give us a general idea and impression of the patterns of the distribution of invertebrates and Chironomus along the stream. I had to reject my null hypothesis, as I was 99.9% confident that there was a difference. In my opinion, if I was to repeat this experiment even with the improvements I have suggested, then the results obtained would still be the same. How to cite Investigation of factors affecting the distribution of Chironomus larvae in Nant Iago, Papers

Marketing Brand Values of Google

Question: Discuss about the Marketing for Brand Values of Google. Answer: Brand Values of Google Core Brand Values of Goggles include creation of an internet search engine that is useful and accessible to all. The company maintains its work environment by building proper ethics (About Google, 2016). The company has employed one of the main characteristics in order to build a recognizable brand. The main core brand values f the organization includes: Google wants to work with great people: The Company hires skilled people and expects a lot from them in return (About Google, 2016). They create an environment where people can work, grow and flourish. Ideas of the employees are diverse which helps the company in decision-making process. However, the company provides fair chances and opportunities to ach employees so that diverse and innovative ideas can be emerged to provide best quality service to the customers. Technology innovation: The Company creates worlds best technology, which helps in creating and solving important problems (About Google, 2016). In order to make impactful decisions the company also involves new technologies to bring creativity in their products and services. The new challenging environment always encourages the employees to provide bets output for organizational growth and developments. Involvement: Google honors commitment and communicates with people in order to spread great deal of information (About Google, 2016). Senior organizational authorities always give the opportunities to share opinions and views freely through an open communication platform. Proper collaboration between superiors and employees helps to earn money by running the business under right ethical rules and norms. This helps to achieve greater competitive advantages with higher customer satisfaction. Future aspects of Google Google is doing the right thing by taking on Microsofts cloud computing. It is very advantageous for the users as they can access the different documents and applications with the help of a web browser. Google should give more focus in the area of the advance use of the cloud computing. The users do not need different softwares or physical infrastructure. Cloud computing will let Google essentially rent on the demand of the processing power, storage over the internet etc. Users do not require expensive servers, programs or memory of the computer (About Google, 2016). Moreover, this cloud computing will help to backup the necessary files, so that administrators or users can easily access them based on the business needs and requirements. Apart from this, Google Corporation is trying to bring the entire world of internet with balloon. The accuracy of the internet service provided y the organization is predicted to be as good as any other weather prediction. From last few years the orga nization has developed its search engine but then the search team found out the different ways of offers that might increase the future benefit of the organization. Google is developing their searching algorithms in order to provide more accurate searching results to their users. Microsoft Strategies of Microsoft in good and poor times Microsoft is the worlds largest software company. The company faces many good and poor economic times. In the year 1986, the company went in the market with the Microsofts operating system (Microsoft News Center India, 2016). The company uses strategy to launch the application in the market, which becomes one of the successful steps taken by the company. In the year 1990, the company started a Magazine advertisement, which let Microsoft to get endorsement from the top companies. All this above steps of Microsoft is considered in good economic times. The company handled the poor economic times by using different strategies. In the year 1990, the company struggled in order to find their place during internet boom. This is because the company is introducing their navigator browser over the internet. One of the best strategies adopted by Microsoft is that it bundles up the internal explorer with office product including word, power point and excel (Microsoft News Center India, 2016). This combined package provides greater feasibility to the users that they can use both the internet explorer as well as Microsoft office at the same time. Another greatest strategy taken by this organization is making partnership with American Global Mass Media Corporation (AOL) which helps to attract large number of customers and helps to build strong relationship with the external business environment. Pros and Cons of Microsoft campaign Campaign is one of the poor decisions taken by Microsoft as the company is focusing more on portable technology. Microsoft tried to copy Apples navigation when the company came with Vista (Microsoft News Center India, 2016). This is because the companys first and most important operation increases their desire to become more similar just like Macs. The company always shows their PC and Macs together during advertisement. The customers get confused, as they cannot understand the target of the company (Lin et al., 2014). The company does a better job in their recent operation. They evaluate their loyalist in need for a fancy new PC. The organization is providing more user friendly services to the users which will make the users able to search modern and accessible operating systems. However, it can also be stated that, by adapting the apples campaigning strategies Microsoft is able to make their own perpetuate and spin by them so that customers do not have any alternatives rather than using Microsofts products. It can be seen that such a strategy or campaign might adversely influence customers perception. However, there is a chance that the brand image of Microsoft will be augmented like apple (Microsoft News Center India, 2016). IDEO Difficulties and Challenges faced by IDEO IDEO is successful due to its design approach that is based on the human centered methodology. The company achieves to design products that are mostly demanded by the consumers (Kasuya et al., 2013). The company has managed to integrate the life cycle of the product and behavior of the customers by providing them a superior experience by solving problems. IDEO uses behavioral mapping in order to access and learn the difficulties of the consumers. Prototyping technology not only estimates the resources requirements but also helps to make a healthy and peaceful working environment so that the employees can provide their best efforts for a fruitful result. As the employees are the biggest asset of any organization, only they can make these changes happen in reality. The company faces many challenges in designing its products. The most difficult challenge is with the customers of the company (About | IDEO, 2016). They faces problem in interaction with the customers. The concept of human shadowing ethically created many questions. The organization is not capable of making products as per the clients requirements. In this growing face of technical field, customers demands are changing daily. Therefore, it becomes very difficult to meet up these kinds of diverse demands satisfactorily. Solutions created by IDEO The main business of the company includes research, analyze and to draw effective conclusion. The company does not need to draw an extra awareness. This is because it is a business of making suggestions and keeping the business of others happy. Reputation of a company builds with the quality of product it provides (About | IDEO, 2016). The company has done a huge work by creating a strong reputation by ending results. IDEO adapts generative techniques and analytical tools that can help to understand customers demands properly. With these, data visualization, model prototyping, organizational design, innovation strategies and IP liberation are also engaged in this new operational technique (Kasuya et al., 2013). Amongst all these factors prototyping is very crucial to understand the needs of the customers in an innovative and unique way. This prototype helps to explore evolving ideas with potential solutions for the product design practices. The major objective of this prototyping is to think properly rather than only analyzing or hypothesizing the problems (About | IDEO, 2016). With this, employees attitude should also be changed to adapt this new business model in a positive way. That is why; the organization has engaged inductive training session to make these employees more active to provide best quality products at its reasonable cost. Fulla Dolls: The Alternative Barbie Pros and cons of FULLA DOLLS target marketing Fulla doll was created, considering a Muslim girl, who has almost the same size and shape as a Barbie Doll. The model was designed by keeping the values of Muslim. Thus, the target is firmly focused on only the Muslim community (Saleh, 2014). As, they buy this dolls in most numbers to copy the styles, dressing, jewelries and other grooming materials of Fulla. Some more alternative Barbie lookalike dolls are there but considering the demographic segmentation its target market is effective. The dolls are designed in such a way with grey hair, black eyes and beautiful grey hair (Sandhu, 2014). Not only this, but also the model is designed in such a way that the Muslim community wants their girls to lookalike this girl. The target market of FULLA DOLLS only selects the MUSLIM community which is a disadvantage. Though the dolls look very beautiful and can target there market throughout the world but still they are bounded within the Arabian boundary (Ahmed, 2014). The major disadvantage of the target market is that they did not modeled there dolls with international aspect and they brand marketing targets only the Muslim community. Not only this but also they are accompanying the personality of the doll considering a Muslim girl. Different ways to expand the sales of FULLA DOLLS Fulla dolls can expand its market by adopting some features of other popular dolls. It can also open some outlets of Fulla dolls throughout the world and not only in Arabian country. Yes, the segmentation strategy is too selective for Fulla dolls. The main reason is, it targets only the Muslim community and the design of the model is also based on a Muslim girl. They should improve the quality of their products so that they could be able to give a tough competition to other doll manufacturing companies (Sandhu, 2014). Due to high popularity in Arab market it serves Fulla luggage, Fulla silverware, Fulla silverware etc. Girls who want to look like Fulla are the target marketers. Apart from this, Iran has some other famous doll brands such as Razanne, Moroccan Barbie (Saleh, 2014). Therefore, they should include some features to their products in order to expand their market. The idea of the manufacturing of Fulla dolls also with the features of living human is the most attracted thing which intended the community to build throughout sales expansion. Instead of the previous models, Fulla dolls should consider iconic cartoon characters to model their designs in order to expand the sales throughout the world. JIM Thompson Thai Silk Company Extension of JTTS product line JTTS offers unique, tradition contemporary attractive design in their colorful Thai silk base. It manufactured silk base from other products. Not only dresses but also they are producing handbags, home furniture, lamps and dining tables (Chudasri, Walker Evans, 2013). The home appliances produce 30% of the total income. JTTS started their business with silk based dresses but gradually, they are extending their product line in many fields. They are also providing customer mode based projects to enhance their business. Yes, I feel that JTTS has extended too much by securing a strong communication along with the Thai culture. They are approaching their products to the tourists also coming from all over the world (Sornsiri, 2015). The tourists buy their products as gift packs. Initially the company started its marketing in Thailand and Malaysia but gradually they extended their business throughout the world. Apart from this, the market segmentation is completely based on demographic segments that are age, sex, monthly income etc (Graham, 2013). Therefore, the company is extending their products line based on the consumer demand. The way demand of the consumer is extending the product line along with the quality is also increasing accordingly. Differentiation between JTTS and other lifestyle brands Yes, according to me, JTTS is differentiated from other life style brands such as Chinese silk. They maintain high and unique quality to manage their products. They possesses below the line communication within the competitive marketplace. Therefore, they create awareness by organizing exhibitions of their brand products (Chudasri, Walker Evans, 2013). They are also incorporating mass communicating such as online and offline advertisement in order to enhance its brand value than other brands. Not only this but also the company is expanding its marketing worldwide. Other companies have online services and their own online app. But, JTTS does not the facility. They must extend their facility to the consumers so that they would be able to buy their products regardless of the location and the time (Sornsiri, 2015). JTTS provides their products to the consumers of Japan and china as well and as per the demand of the clients. The demand of the products increases as per the changing and dy namic demand of the consumers. In addition to this, other life style brands improve their quality as per the rate f requirement similarly JTTS also improve the quality of their products. They use certain improved quality Thai silk which is not available in any other country. Thus, this special product is utilized by JTTS only. References Ahmed, F. E. (2014). Book review: Of virgins and martyrs: Women and sexuality in global conflict.International Journal of Comparative Sociology,55(1), 73-74. Borland, H., Lindgreen, A. (2013). Sustainability, epistemology, ecocentric business, and marketing strategy: ideology, reality, and vision.Journal of Business Ethics,117(1), 173-187. Choi, H., Varian, H. (2012). Predicting the present with Google Trends.Economic Record,88(s1), 2-9. Chudasri, D., Walker, S., Evans, M. (2013). Directions for Design Contributions to the Sustainable Development of the Handicrafts Sector in Northern Thailand.IASDR 2013, 24-30. Cicoria, S., Sherlock, J., Clarke, L., Muniswamaiah, M. (2013). IDEO and Design Thinking as an Agile Innovation Practice. google.co.in, 2016. About Google. [online] Google.co.in. Available at: https://www.google.co.in/intl/en/about/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2016]. Graham, M. (2013). Thai silk dot com: authenticity, altruism, modernity and markets in the Thai silk industry.Globalizations,10(2), 211-230. Greenwald, G., MacAskill, E. (2013). NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others.The Guardian,7(6), 1-43. ideo.com , 2016. About | IDEO. [online] Ideo.com. Available at: https://www.ideo.com/about/ [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016]. Kasuya, N., Mitsui, H., Ideo, S., Watada, M., Kimura, M. T. (2013). Ecological, morphological and molecular studies on Ganaspis individuals (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) attacking Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).Applied entomology and zoology,48(1), 87-92. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., Armstrong, G. (2015).Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lin, T. Y., Maire, M., Belongie, S., Hays, J., Perona, P., Ramanan, D., ... Zitnick, C. L. (2014, September). Microsoft coco: Common objects in context. InEuropean Conference on Computer Vision(pp. 740-755). Springer International Publishing. Michelson, H. C. (2013). Small farmers, NGOs, and a Walmart world: welfare effects of supermarkets operating in Nicaragua.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,95(3), 628-649. microsoft.com, 2016.Microsoft News Center India. [online] Microsoft News Center India. Available at: https://news.microsoft.com/en-in/#sm.00001y09fbwtvze2hrishfp7oa5yv [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016]. Pope, D. G., Pope, J. C. (2015). When Walmart comes to town: Always low housing prices? Always?.Journal of Urban Economics,87, 1-13. Saleh, L. (2014). She's Fulla Something: The Fulla Doll, Identity and Consumption in a Globalizing Arab World. InCPSA Annual Conference. Salkind, N. J. (2016).Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics: Using Microsoft Excel 2016. Sage Publications. Sandhu, K. (2014).Women in Saudi Arabia based on" Desert Royal" by Jean Sasson. GRIN Verlag. Sornsiri, W. (2015). Jim Thompson Thai Silk Co., Ltd.